The F1 score is the harmonic mean of precision and recall, a single model evaluation metric for classifiers where both false positives…
Facial recognition is a computer vision technique that identifies or verifies a person by comparing a numerical encoding of their face with…
A fader is the sliding level control on a mixing console or DAW mixer that sets how much of a channel or…
Fail2ban is a Linux intrusion prevention daemon that scans logs for repeated failures and temporarily bans offending IP addresses in the firewall.
Failover is the switch of a server workload from a failed component to a standby, keeping a service available when hardware or…
Fast charging is a set of techniques that let a phone draw higher power than basic USB charging, refilling a lithium-ion battery…
Fast Startup is a Windows power feature that saves the kernel session to disk at shutdown so the next boot resumes it…
FastCGI is a binary protocol that lets web servers pass requests to persistent application processes, such as PHP-FPM, instead of starting one…
FAT32 is a simple, widely compatible file system that tracks files with a 32-bit allocation table and limits single files to 4…
Fault tolerance is the ability of a server system to keep operating correctly, without interruption, when one or more of its components…
FCP (First Contentful Paint) measures how long a page takes to render its first text or image, an early loading signal in…
Feature engineering is the data processing work of turning raw data into informative input variables that make machine learning models more accurate.
A feature update is the annual Windows release that moves a device to a new version such as 24H2, adding features and…
Federated learning trains a shared machine learning model across many devices or organizations while raw training data stays where it was collected.
Fedora is a community Linux distribution sponsored by Red Hat, known for a six-month release cycle, recent software and its role upstream…
Feedback control is the control systems principle in which a robot measures its actual output and continuously corrects its commands to reduce…
The Fetch API is the promise-based browser JavaScript interface for making HTTP requests and reading responses as text, JSON, binary data or…
A fiat-backed stablecoin is a blockchain token redeemable one for one in a government currency and backed by cash and short-term government…
Fiber optics in network hardware carries data as light through glass fibers, offering high bandwidth, long reach and immunity to electrical interference.
FIDO2 is the open authentication standard combining WebAuthn and CTAP so users sign in with phishing-resistant public-key credentials instead of passwords.
Figma is a browser-based, multiplayer interface design tool where teams draw, prototype, review and hand off product designs in one shared file.
File compatibility is the ability of software to open, edit and save a file format created elsewhere while preserving its content, layout…
File permissions in Linux define which users may read, write or execute a file or directory, using owner, group and other permission…
FileVault is the full-disk encryption feature of macOS that protects the startup volume with XTS-AES and requires a password or recovery key.
Fill light is a secondary light that brightens the shadows created by the key light, controlling contrast without adding new visible shadows.
Film photography records images on light-sensitive silver halide emulsion, developed chemically into negatives or slides, the dominant medium before digital.
Finder is the default file manager and desktop shell of macOS, used to browse, organize, search, preview and share files, folders, apps…
Fine-tuning continues training a pretrained model on a smaller, task-specific dataset so it adopts a new skill, format, style or domain without…
FinOps is a cloud financial management practice that unites engineering, finance and business teams to make cloud spend visible, accountable and value-driven.
A firewall is a network security control that allows or blocks traffic between zones according to a rule set, forming the core…
Firmware is low-level software stored in non-volatile memory on a device that controls its hardware directly and starts before any operating system.
A first-party cookie is a cookie set by the website a visitor is actually browsing, used for sessions, preferences and analytics under…
First-party data is information an organization collects directly from its own customers and audiences through its own channels, with a direct relationship.
FLAC is an open lossless audio codec that shrinks PCM audio to roughly half its size while decoding to a bit-identical copy…
A flanger is a modulation audio effect that mixes a signal with a very short, slowly varying delayed copy, creating a sweeping…
Flash sync speed is the shortest exposure time at which the whole sensor is uncovered at once, so a single flash burst…
A flash trigger in flash photography is a device that fires one or more flash units remotely when the camera shutter opens,…
Flatpak is a Linux packaging and distribution system that installs desktop applications in sandboxes with shared runtimes, independent of the distribution.
Flexbox is the CSS flexible box layout module that arranges items along one axis and distributes space, alignment and sizing between them.
Flutter is an open-source UI toolkit that builds iOS and Android apps from one Dart codebase and draws every pixel with its…
Focal length is the optical distance, in millimeters, that sets a lens's magnification and, with sensor size, its angle of view in…
A focus group is a moderated discussion with a small group of selected participants, used in market research to explore attitudes, motivations…
A focus indicator is the visible outline or highlight that shows which element on a web page has keyboard focus, a core…
Focus management is the practice of controlling where keyboard focus goes in a web interface so keyboard and screen reader users never…
Focus peaking is a manual focus aid that highlights high-contrast edges in the viewfinder to show which parts of the image are…
Focus stacking in photography merges several frames focused at different distances into one image with more depth of field than any single…
A font in typography is a specific style, weight and format of a typeface, delivered as a digital file that renders text…
A force sensor in robotics converts mechanical load into an electrical signal, letting a robot measure contact forces and torques for control…
A foreign key is a column or set of columns in a relational table that must match a key in another table,…
Format conversion transforms data from one file format into another so different applications can open it, with possible loss of fidelity.